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CONSTITUTIONAL PROPORTIONALITY REVISITED: BALANCING RIGHTS IN CONTEMPORARY DEMOCRATIC SYSTEMS

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The principle of proportionality has emerged as a central doctrinal tool in constitutional adjudication across democratic systems. While widely adopted, its application remains contested, particularly in contexts involving competing fundamental rights and state interests. This paper critically re-examines proportionality as a method of constitutional reasoning, arguing that its perceived neutrality obscures underlying normative choices. Drawing on comparative constitutional jurisprudence, the study develops a structured critique of the proportionality test and proposes a refined analytical framework that enhances transparency in judicial decision-making. The paper contributes to legal scholarship by rethinking proportionality not merely as a balancing tool but as a site of constitutional interpretation shaped by institutional and political contexts.

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