Omega Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development
OMEGA Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal dedicated to promoting research that integrates knowledge across multiple disciplines. The journal provides a platform for scholars, researchers, and professionals to publish innovative and impactful research that contributes to academic advancement and societal development. Key Highlights: Peer-reviewed (Double-blind) Open Access Journal Monthly Publication Multidisciplinary Scope Frequency of Publication: Monthly Languages: English, Polish and Russian Publication Format: Electronic ISSN (E): 3072-4708
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ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКАЯ ОСНОВА ТЕХНОЛОГИИ РАЗВИТИЯ МОНИТОРИНГОВОЙ КОМПЕТЕНТНОСТИ ПЕДАГОГОВ: ЦЕЛЬ, ЗАДАЧИ И НАУЧНАЯ НОВИЗНА ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ
Maqolada o‘qituvchilarning monitoring kompetensiyasini rivojlantirish texnologiyasining nazariy asoslari, jumladan tadqiqotning maqsadi, vazifalari va ilmiy yangiligi ko‘rib chiqilgan. Monitoring kompetensiyasi shunchaki nazorat qilish emas, balki olingan ma'lumotlarni tahliliy-sintetik baholash va kasbiy faoliyatni takomillashtirish strategiyasini ishlab chiqish qobiliyati sifatida talqin etiladi. Tadqiqot ta'lim sifatini tashqi nazoratdan ichki, uzluksiz va refleksiv monitoring tizimiga o‘tkazish konsepsiyasiga asoslanadi. Maqsad o‘qituvchilarning monitoring kompetensiyasini shakllantirish texnologiyasini nazariy asoslash va uning samaradorligini pedagogik eksperiment orqali isbotlashga qaratilgan. Maqola kompetensiyaning diagnostik (kasbiy holatni aniqlash), prognostik (o‘sish trayektoriyasini modellashtirish) va korreksion (muammolarni erta bartaraf etish) tarkibiy qismlarini ochib beradi.
monitoring kompetensiyasi, pedagogik texnologiya, kasbiy rivojlanish, ta'lim sifati, refleksiv monitoring, diagnostika, kompetentlik yondashuvi.
Copyright (c) 2026 Omega Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ПРАВЛЕНИЕ ДИНАСТИИ КУНГРАТОВ В ХИВИНСКОМ ХАНСТВЕ
В данной работе рассматривается период правления династии кунгратов в Хивинском ханстве (1804–1920 гг.). Анализируются политические, социально-экономические и культурные процессы, происходившие в ханстве, а также роль отдельных ханов в укреплении государственной власти. Особое внимание уделяется отношениям с Российской империей, процессам централизaции, реформам конца XIX – начала XX века. Правление кунгратов оценивается как важный этап в истории Хивы, оказавший значительное влияние на её политическое и культурное развитие.
Хивинское ханство, династия кунгратов, Мухаммад Рахим-хан, Аллакулихан, Феруз, Российская империя, Гендимиянский договор, реформы, джадидизм, XIX век, начало XX века.
OPEN BANKING AND FINTECH INTEGRATION IN UZBEKISTAN COMMERCIAL BANKS: PROBLEMS AND DEVELOPMENT DIRECTIONS
This article analyzes the issues of implementing the principles of Open Banking in Uzbek commercial banks and integrating with fintech companies. The development of open banking ecosystems in world practice, the economic impact of API integration and the opportunities and obstacles in the Uzbek banking system are considered. Based on the results of the study, practical recommendations are provided for implementing an open banking architecture in the national banking system and strengthening bank-fintech cooperation.
Open Banking, fintech, API integration, Banking-as-a-Service, BaaS, digital ecosystem, bank-fintech cooperation, Uzbekistan’s banking system, financial inclusion.
STATE SUPERVISION AND CONTROL OVER COMPLIANCE WITH THE LABOUR RIGHTS OF EMPLOYEES IN THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
This article examines the system of state supervision and control over compliance with the labour rights of employees in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Following the adoption of the new Labour Code, which entered into force on 30 April 2023, the legal framework governing the protection of labour rights has been substantially renewed. The article analyses the constitutional and legislative foundations of state supervision, the powers of the State Labour Inspectorate and the prosecutor's office, the procedural aspects of inspections, and the interaction between state bodies and social partners. Particular attention is paid to the shortcomings of the existing mechanism, including the limited coverage of the informal sector, and to directions for its improvement in line with the international labour standards of the International Labour Organization. The author concludes that further digitalisation and the transition to a preventive, risk-based model of supervision are essential to guaranteeing the effective realisation of employees' labour rights.
Labour rights, state supervision, control, State Labour Inspectorate, Labour Code, prosecutor's supervision, Republic of Uzbekistan, employees, labour legislation, ILO standards.
CROSS-NATIONAL EVALUATION OF MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH INTERVENTION STRATEGIES
This article analyzes the effectiveness of the measures implemented to protect maternal and child health in Uzbekistan. It also emphasizes the importance attached, throughout all stages of the country's development, to international and intersectoral integration and its practical application. Particular attention is given to the development of the institution of motherhood and to the mechanisms for integrating and adopting advanced national and international experience to enhance its effective functioning.
Maternal and child health, public health, reproductive health, healthcare services, child rights, international best practices, comparative analysis, healthcare policy.
THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS FOR THE USE OF NEUROTECHNOLOGIES IN THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS
This article examines the theoretical foundations of the use of neurotechnologies in the educational process. It analyzes the potential of neurotechnologies for personalizing learning, developing students' cognitive potential, and improving the effectiveness of education. In addition, the pedagogical, ethical, and social aspects of implementing neurotechnologies in educational practice are discussed, and the necessity of their rational use in modern education is substantiated.
Neurotechnology, educational process, neuroplasticity, cognitive development, learner-centered education, artificial intelligence, digital education, pedagogy.
CLINICAL STUDY RESULTS IN PATIENTS WITH UNILATERAL VOCAL CORD PARALYSIS
Paresis/paralysis of the vocal cords is a complex symptom of disorder, called pathology of the vocal apparatus of the larynx. Usually, such a condition leads to a pathological process, which affects the n. vagus. In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of patients with this pathology.
DIGITALIZATION OF THE JUDICIAL SYSTEM AND THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN UZBEKISTAN
This article examines the digitalization of the judicial system of Uzbekistan and the emerging legal framework for the implementation of artificial intelligence in court activities. The study analyzes the transition from electronic document management toward the broader concept of the “Digital Court,” with particular attention to Presidential Decree No. UP-140, the national strategy “Digital Uzbekistan – 2030,” and recent legislative developments concerning artificial intelligence. Using comparative-legal, formal-legal, and institutional methods, the article evaluates the potential of AI technologies to improve access to justice, reduce procedural delays, enhance consistency in judicial practice, and limit corruption risks. At the same time, the research identifies key challenges, including algorithmic transparency, data protection, judicial independence, professional responsibility, and the need for ethical oversight. The findings show that Uzbekistan is currently undergoing a phase of catch-up modernization, in which technological innovation must be accompanied by stronger institutional safeguards. The article concludes that the successful implementation of AI in the judiciary requires clear legal regulation, mandatory certification and auditing of algorithms, and specialized digital training for judges.
Digital justice; artificial intelligence; judicial system; Digital Court; Uzbekistan; e-justice; judicial independence; algorithmic transparency; access to justice; legal technology.
SOME PROBLEMS OF SOCIALIZATION WITH THE SPREAD OF MOBILE PHONES
This article is informative and analytical in nature. It examines the socialization process and some aspects of the influence of mobile phones on human socialization. Certain trends in the use of modern mobile phones and their impact on human behavior are highlighted. The article aims to stimulate research into the influence of mobile phones on the socialization process.
Gadgets, smartphones, mobile phones, socialization.
RAQAMLI DALILLARNING MAQBULLIGI VA ULARNI JINOYAT PROSESSIDA RASMIYLASHTIRISH TARTIBI
Ushbu maqolada jinoyat protsessida raqamli (elektron) dalillarning tushunchasi, ularning o‘ziga xos protsessual-huquqiy xususiyatlari va an'anaviy ashyoviy dalillardan farqli jihatlari tahlil qilingan. Tadqiqotda raqamli dalillarning maqbullik mezonlari, xususan, ma'lumotlarning daxlsizligi, ayniyati va kelib chiqish qonuniyligini ta'minlash masalalari yoritilgan. Shuningdek, elektron qurilmalarni olib qo‘yish, ko‘zdan kechirish, ulardan nusxa (klon) olish, kodlarni qayd etish hamda sud-axborot-texnika ekspertizasini tayinlashning protsessual tartibi tizimli ravishda tadqiq etilgan. Maqola yakunida milliy jinoyat-prosessual qonunchiligini takomillashtirish bo‘yicha ilmiy-amaliy takliflar ilgari surilgan.
Raqamli dalil, elektron ma'lumot, maqbullik, jinoyat protsessi, xesh-kod , daxlsizlik, kiber-ekspertiza, bayonnoma, klonlashtirish.
Ushbu maqolada Amir Temurning harbiy san’ati, qo‘shin tuzilishi, jangovar strategiyasi, harbiy boshqaruv tamoyillari hamda jahon harbiy tafakkuri rivojiga qo‘shgan hissasi tahlil qilinadi. Sohibqiron tomonidan yaratilgan harbiy tizimning o‘ziga xos jihatlari, qo‘shinlarni boshqarish usullari, razvedka va intizomga asoslangan harbiy siyosati ilmiy manbalar asosida yoritilgan. Shuningdek, Amir Temur yurishlarining muvaffaqiyat omillari va ularning zamonaviy harbiy san’atdagi ahamiyati ochib berilgan.
Amir Temur, harbiy san’at, strategiya, taktika, qo‘shin tuzilishi, razvedka, intizom, Temur tuzuklari, harbiy boshqaruv, Sohibqiron.
INTERPRETING IRAN’S FOREIGN POLICY THROUGH CONTEMPORARY INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS THEORIES
This article examines the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran through three contemporary approaches in international relations: constructivism, feminism and neo-Marxism. The analysis demonstrates that these theoretical perspectives make it possible to interpret Iran not only as a geopolitical actor, but also as a state whose external behavior is shaped by identity, ideology, gender relations, economic dependency and competing global narratives.
Constructivism, Western capitalist construction, neo-Marxism, “Neither East nor West, only Islam”, secular feminism, religious feminism, exploitation.
YOUTH ARE THE NATION’S FUTURE: ESSENTIAL STEPS TOWARD SPIRITUAL MATURITY AND PERSONAL PERFECTION
Ideological immunity consists of a system of ideological views and values that serve to protect an individual, social group, nation, society from various harmful ideological influences. Ideological immunity originates from the most delicate aspects of the life of our society, from the feelings, goals and aspirations of our citizens, from their spiritual-educational and spiritual-moral level. If the ideology is directly related to the honor of humanity, only if it originates from the feelings of a person, it will have the ability to control a person and people and will be able to mobilize people in the way of building a Great Uzbekistan in our country.
Digitalization, Central Asian languages, artificial intelligence, language policy, internet, e-learning, linguistic technologies, national culture.
M.G. CHERNYAEV’S HISTORICAL ACCOUNTS OF KUNGRAD AND THE POPULATION OF THE SOUTHERN ARAL SEA REGION
This article examines the historical value of the diary of Mikhail Grigorievich Chernyaev as a primary source for studying the history of Kungrad and the Southern Aral Sea region during the Kungrad uprising of 1858–1859. Based on Chernyaev's firsthand observations recorded during A.I. Butakov's expedition, the study analyzes the political situation in Kungrad, the activities of Muhammad Fana, the socio-economic life of the local population, interethnic relations among the Karakalpaks, Uzbeks, Kazakhs, and Turkmens, as well as the settlement pattern, irrigation system, architecture, and everyday life of the region. Particular attention is paid to the source value of the diary as an important documentary account reflecting the political and social realities of the Southern Aral Sea region in the mid-nineteenth century. The analysis demonstrates that Chernyaev's diary constitutes a unique historical source that significantly enriches our understanding of the political, economic, and cultural development of the lower Amu Darya region during a period of profound political transformation in Central Asia.
M.G. Chernyaev; Kungrad; Southern Aral Sea region; Karakalpaks; Central Asia; Russian Empire; historical sources; diary; Kungrad uprising; nineteenth century
METHODOLOGY FOR DESIGNING TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF STUDENTS’ PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCIES IN THE PROCESS OF INFORMAL EDUCATION
This article examines the methodology for designing educational technologies aimed at developing students’ professional competencies in the process of informal education. In contemporary pedagogical practice, informal education is increasingly recognized as an important environment for strengthening practical skills, professional motivation, independent learning, creativity, and social adaptability. The study emphasizes that professional competencies cannot be formed only through traditional classroom instruction, because students also acquire significant knowledge, experience, and behavioral models through extracurricular activities, professional communication, digital platforms, project work, volunteer initiatives, workshops, mentoring, and self-directed learning. The article analyzes the pedagogical conditions, methodological principles, and technological stages necessary for organizing informal education as a competency-oriented process. Special attention is paid to the design of flexible learning technologies that integrate theoretical knowledge with real professional situations, encourage reflection, and support the individual educational trajectory of each student. The research highlights the importance of diagnostic, motivational, organizational, practical, and evaluative components in designing such technologies. It is argued that the effectiveness of informal education depends on the purposeful selection of methods, active student participation, collaboration with social and professional institutions, and continuous monitoring of competency development. The article concludes that informal education, when methodologically structured, can become a powerful mechanism for preparing future specialists who are professionally competent, socially responsible, and capable of lifelong learning.
informal ta’lim, kasbiy kompetensiyalar, ta’lim texnologiyasi, kompetensiyaviy yondashuv, pedagogik loyihalash, talaba rivoji, uzluksiz ta’lim.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LANGUAGE AND THE UNCONSCIOUS
This article analyzes the relationship between language and the unconscious from the perspective of psychoanalytic linguistics. The study examines the forms of manifestation of the unconscious in speech activity based on the theoretical views of Sigmund Freud, Carl Gustav Jung, Jacques Lacan, and Julia Kristeva. In particular, the unconscious mechanisms of speech errors, associative shifts, symbolic expressions, metaphors, and communicative strategies are analyzed. The semiotic and symbolic layers of language and their role in the culture of linguistic communication are also revealed.
Language, unconscious, psychoanalytic linguistics, culture of linguistic communication, parapraxis, speech activity, symbol, metaphor, semiotic layer, symbolic layer, collective unconscious, archetype, intertextuality, communicative strategies, cultural codes.
MODERN APPROACH TRENDS OF THE PEDAGOGICAL EDUCATION CLUSTER PROJECT IN IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF EDUCATION
This article focuses on the trends underlying new reforms in the higher education system and modern approaches of the pedagogical education innovation cluster project.
Educational cluster, new Uzbekistan, intensity in education, qualification, innovation, method, modern approach, pedagogical education, school laboratory, trends.
ЗНАЧЕНИЕ ПРОВЕРОК ТРАНСФЕРТНОГО ЦЕНООБРАЗОВАНИЯ ДЛЯ ЭКОНОМИКИ УЗБЕКИСТАНА
В статье рассматривается экономический смысл внедрённых с 1 января 2026 года в Узбекистане проверок трансфертного ценообразования. Автор анализирует, как данный вид налогового контроля воздействует на защиту национальной налоговой базы, инвестиционную привлекательность страны и справедливость конкурентной среды. На основе законодательных изменений и практических примеров делается вывод, что ТЦО-проверки становятся важным инструментом интеграции республики в мировую экономику и повышения доверия к налоговой системе.
трансфертное ценообразование, налоговая проверка, взаимосвязанные лица, инвестиционная привлекательность, налоговая база, принцип «вытянутой руки», Узбекистан.
THE MAIN DIRECTIONS OF YOUTH SUPPORT IN UZBEKISTAN'S TAX SYSTEM
This article analyzes the mechanisms of the Uzbek tax system in encouraging youth to become economically active. The author draws conclusions on the legal basis of youth entrepreneurship, statistical indicators and regional differences using the example of tax incentives, simplified regimes and creative parks. The article shows the relationship between self-employment of young people, their areas of employment and reduction of the tax burden.
Tax system, youth, self-employment, tax incentives, entrepreneurship, creative parks, employment.
PEDAGOGICAL-PSYCHOLOGICAL MONITORING OF THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS IN INCLUSIVE EDUCATION SETTINGS: FRAMEWORKS, TOOLS AND EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE
Background: Pedagogical-psychological monitoring in inclusive education represents a critical but systematically underresearched dimension of inclusive school practice. While extensive literature addresses the philosophical and instructional aspects of inclusion, the systematic, evidence-based observation, evaluation and adjustment of educational processes for students with special educational needs (SEN) within mainstream classrooms has received comparatively limited scholarly attention, particularly in Central Asian educational contexts. Objectives: This article aims to (1) establish a conceptual framework for pedagogical-psychological monitoring in inclusive settings; (2) identify and evaluate evidence-based monitoring instruments and approaches; (3) analyse the current state of monitoring practice in Uzbek inclusive schools; and (4) propose a structured, multi-level monitoring model applicable to diverse inclusive educational contexts. Methods: A sequential explanatory mixed-methods design was employed. In the quantitative phase, 162 educational psychologists and classroom teachers across 18 inclusive mainstream schools completed the Inclusive Educational Monitoring Practices Scale (IEMPS), a 36-item validated instrument measuring the frequency and quality of monitoring activities across five domains. In the qualitative phase, semi-structured interviews (n = 22) and document analysis (n = 54 student case files) provided interpretive depth.
Pedagogical-psychological monitoring; inclusive education; special educational needs; educational process supervision; formative assessment; psycho-emotional wellbeing; evidence-based practice; Uzbekistan
SOCIAL-PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF SCIENCE–TECHNOLOGY CONVERGENCE IN NEW UZBEKISTAN: FROM TECHNOLOGICAL MODERNIZATION TO HUMAN-CENTERED DEVELOPMENT
This article examines the socio-philosophical foundations of science–technology convergence in New Uzbekistan and analyses its transition from technological modernization to human-centered development. The relevance of the study is determined by the growing role of scientific knowledge, innovation and technological transformation in contemporary social development and by the insufficient conceptualization of their socio-philosophical dimensions in the context of Uzbekistan. The study aims to identify the socio-philosophical foundations of science–technology convergence and to determine its theoretical and practical mechanisms in the transition toward a human-centered development model. The research is based on a qualitative design and applies socio-philosophical analysis, comparative analysis, institutional approach and content analysis. The findings demonstrate that science–technology convergence in New Uzbekistan functions not merely as a technological integration process but as a multidimensional mechanism of social transformation. The study proposes an integrative model consisting of state policy, science, technological innovation, education and human capital. It argues that sustainable modernization depends not only on technological advancement but also on institutional coordination and the expansion of human capabilities.
Science–technology convergence; social philosophy; human-centered development; technological modernization; innovation policy; human capital; New Uzbekistan.
ABSTRACT METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF ORGANIZING THE PHYSICAL PROCESS THROUGH NATIONAL TRADITIONS EDUCATION
This article highlights the theoretical and methodological aspects of organizing the physical education process based on national traditions. The issues of developing students’ physical qualities and forming their moral and ethical values through folk games, national sports, and customs are analyzed. In addition, methods of organizing activities based on national values, pedagogical principles, and their practical effectiveness are substantiated.
Physical education, national traditions, folk games, pedagogical methodology, upbringing, healthy lifestyle, national values.
MYSTICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL INTERPRETATION OF THE CONCEPTS OF TIME AND MOMENT IN THE TEACHINGS OF IBN
This article examines Ibn Arabi’s philosophical and mystical views on the concepts of time and moment. Based on his treatise “Risalat al-Waqt wa al-An”, the ontological and epistemological dimensions of time are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the understanding of time as a sphere of divine manifestation, its relationship with the stages of the spiritual development of the murid, and the Sufi interpretation of the past, present, and future. Furthermore, Ibn Arabi’s conception of time is explored in relation to the categories of movement, change, and being, highlighting its significance in the development of Islamic philosophy and Sufi metaphysics.
Ibn Arabi, time, moment, Sufism, Islamic philosophy, wahdat al-wujud, mashhad, barzakh, divine manifestation, murid, spiritual perfection, ontology, being, movement, change.
INCLUSIVE JUSTICE AND THE ETHICS OF RECOGNITION: A PHILOSOPHICAL APPROACH TO SOCIAL INCLUSION
This article explores the philosophical foundations of social inclusion through the lens of justice and recognition. It argues that inclusion is not merely a socio-political practice but a deeply normative concept grounded in ethical theory. Drawing on contemporary philosophy, the paper examines how recognition, dignity, and equality intersect in the construction of inclusive societies. Special attention is given to the challenges of implementing inclusive principles in pluralistic and unequal social contexts.
Inclusion, justice, recognition, ethics, equality, dignity, social philosophy.
PEDAGOGICAL FOUNDATIONS FOR DEVELOPING INTEREST IN SPORTS AMONG SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN THROUGH THE DEVELOPMENT OF PHYSICAL QUALITIES
This article examines the pedagogical foundations for developing school-age children’s interest in sports through the purposeful development of physical qualities. The study emphasizes that strength, speed, endurance, flexibility, coordination, agility, and balance are not only indicators of physical fitness but also important factors that influence children’s motivation toward sports activities. When physical education lessons and extracurricular sports activities are organized according to age-specific, psychological, and pedagogical principles, children begin to perceive sport as an attractive, useful, and personally meaningful activity. The article analyzes the role of physical qualities in shaping positive attitudes toward regular exercise, developing self-confidence, strengthening discipline, and encouraging active participation in sports. Special attention is paid to the importance of game-based methods, differentiated exercises, motivational tasks, and supportive teacher-student interaction in the educational process. The article also highlights the relevance of this issue for pedagogical universities preparing future physical education teachers and sports specialists.
School-age children, physical qualities, interest in sports, physical education, sports motivation, pedagogical foundations, motor activity, healthy lifestyle.
INNOVATIVE MECHANISMS FOR FINANCING AND MANAGING STUDENT SPORTS IN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS
This article examines innovative mechanisms for financing and managing student sports in higher education institutions. The study considers student sports as an important component of human capital development, social well-being, institutional competitiveness and healthy lifestyle formation among young people. Special attention is paid to the economic and managerial foundations of organizing student sports, including diversified financing, sponsorship, public-private partnership, university sport clubs, digital monitoring, performance-based budgeting and entrepreneurial use of sport infrastructure. The article emphasizes that the sustainable development of student sports cannot be achieved only through traditional budgetary allocations; it requires a flexible management model that combines financial planning, institutional coordination, student participation and strategic use of available resources. The proposed approach is relevant for improving the efficiency of university sport systems, expanding students’ access to physical activity and strengthening the role of higher education institutions in promoting public health and social development.
Student sports, higher education, financing mechanisms, sport management, university sport clubs, public-private partnership, sport infrastructure, healthy lifestyle.
PEDAGOGICAL BASIS OF DEVELOPING PHYSICAL TRAINING OF SCHOOL STUDENTS ENGAGED IN HANDBALL SPORT
This article examines the pedagogical basis of developing physical training among school students engaged in handball sport. Handball is a dynamic team game that requires speed, agility, coordination, endurance, strength, flexibility, tactical thinking and emotional stability. Therefore, the organization of physical training in school-age athletes should be based not only on general physical development, but also on age-specific, sport-specific and pedagogically grounded approaches. The article highlights the importance of systematic training, gradual increase of loads, individualization of exercises, motivation, health protection and the integration of technical-tactical preparation with physical development. Special attention is paid to the role of the teacher-coach in forming correct movement skills, maintaining students’ interest in sport and preventing overload during training. The study emphasizes that effective physical training in handball contributes to the development of motor abilities, discipline, teamwork, self-control and competitive readiness. The pedagogical organization of handball training in schools can serve as an important factor in improving students’ physical culture and preparing them for further sports specialization.
Handball, school students, physical training, pedagogical basis, motor abilities, sports education, training process, physical development.
ENHANCING EFL WRITING SKILLS THROUGH 21ST CENTURY COMPETENCIES IN HIGHER EDUCATION
Writing in a foreign language requires not only linguistic knowledge but also critical thinking, creativity, collaboration, and digital literacy. Traditional methods often fail to keep students engaged and motivated. The study aims to explore how integrating these competencies into writing instruction improves EFL students’ performance. Forty 1st year students participated in a six-week experimental study using a mixed-method research design was applied, involving pre- and post-tests, classroom observations, and questionnaires. The findings reveal that students exposed to 21st century skill-based instruction demonstrate significant improvement in writing fluency, coherence, and creativity. The study suggests practical implications for language teachers in higher education.
EFL, writing skills, 21st century competencies, higher education, critical thinking, creativity.
THE ROLE OF FISCAL RULES IN MANAGING BUDGET RISKS
This article examines the structural significance and operational role of fiscal rules in mitigating and managing budget risks within contemporary public finance systems. In the face of macroeconomic volatility, demographic shifts, and unexpected economic shocks, maintaining fiscal sustainability requires robust institutional frameworks. The study analyzes how numerically and qualitatively defined constraints on fiscal aggregates-such as public debt, budget deficits, expenditures, and revenues-serve as mechanisms to curb procyclical spending and ensure long-term fiscal discipline. Furthermore, the paper evaluates the balance between rigidity and flexibility in fiscal rules, exploring the function of well-defined escape clauses and independent fiscal councils in strengthening budget risk management strategies.
Fiscal rules, budget risks, public debt, fiscal sustainability, macroeconomic stability, public finance management, escape clauses.
FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK GOVERNING LABOR MIGRATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN (1991-2024)
This article analyzes the formation and stages of development of the legal and regulatory framework governing labor migration in the Republic of Uzbekistan during the years of independence. The study examines the impact of laws, resolutions, and international agreements adopted from 1991 to 2024 on migration processes of the Constitution and general legislation. Gaps in legal regulation and mechanisms for their elimination are examined on a scientific basis.
Labor migration, legal and regulatory framework, external labor migration, regulation, migration policy, international agreements, legal protection.